Nature Vs. Nurture Debate - 927 Words

Although sexuality researchers make a strong case that homosexuality has a biological basis, the continuous nature vs. nurture debate makes us hard to ignore possible social influences. Supporters of social causation coin a term â€Å"social constructionism†: different sexualities are products of and constructed by different culture, society and experience. Gagon and Simons (1973) opposed the essentialist view of sexuality and believed that â€Å"sexuality is not†¦[a] universal phenomenon which is the same in all historical times and cultural spaces† (Gagon, 1990, p.3). If sexual orientation is biologically defined then it should be consistent across cultures and species-universal. However, many studies state otherwise- there are observable variations. For instance, Kitzinger and Wilkinson (1995) found that women’s sexual orientation is fluid. Women are more likely to change their sexual orientation and display bisexual tendency. Most of them live as heteros exuals during earlier period, then self-identify as lesbians (KitzingerWilkinson, 1995). Therefore, homosexuality is not an innate characteristic since intrinsic characteristics are resist to change. There are four major proposed social constructionist explanations. The earliest proposal of environmental impact on homosexuality came from Freud. In his psychoanalytic developmental theory, he argued that premature fixation during one’s psychosexual development holds the key to understanding homosexuality. The premature fixation isShow MoreRelatedNature Vs. Nurture Debate1427 Words   |  6 Pagesparents use authoritarian methods and punishment.† The nature Vs nurture debate has been around since 1690 created by the philosopher John Locke who believed we as humans do not have natural, inborn ideas; that our minds are a blank page, upon which experience shall write. Nurture is everything and nature is simply nothing. â€Å"Nature is what we think of as pre-wiring and is influenced by genetic inheritance and other biological factors. Nurture is generally taken as the influence of external factorsRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture Debate878 Words   |  4 Pagespersonalities and traits produced by genetics or shaped by the environment? Or, is there a relationship between nature and nurture with regards to child development? The debate continues. While some believe â€Å"nature and nurture work together, others believe they are separate and opposing influences† (McDevitt, 2010). Nature vs Nurture In regards to the nature vs. nurture debate, â€Å"this debate is a major issue in many social science disciplines and is concerned with the influence that biology, geneticsRead MoreNature Vs Nurture Debate1291 Words   |  6 PagesHow is the nature vs nurture debate related to a consideration of the mental disorder, schizophrenia? INTRODUCTION Schizophrenia is categorized by thoughts or experiences that seem abnormal with reality, disorganized speech or behaviour and decreased participation in regular daily activities. Difficulty with memory and concentration are sometimes also present. The two hit hypothesis generally refers to a genetic vulnerability, which is known as the first hit, triggered by something in the environmentRead MoreNature Vs Nurture Debate1343 Words   |  6 Pagescontroversial to psychologist since the phrase was created in 1869 is â€Å"Nature vs Nurture†. Although the debate was started well before then, 1869 was the first time it was tied to the debate. The nature vs nurture debate is over whether you get your behavior from genetics, what you inherited from your biological parents, or if they are learned characteristics, what you learn from the environment and what you get taught. The debate can be traced back to early western philosophy and is still relevantRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture Debat e1332 Words   |  6 PagesNature vs Nurture debate is one of the oldest arguments in the history of psychology. The debate is about to know if our personality and talents come from our parent or environment? The coding of genes in each cell in humans determine the different traits that we have, more physical attributes dominance like ear size, eye colour, , height, hair colour and other traits. However, it is still not known whether the more abstract attributes like, intelligence, sexual orientation, personality, preferencesRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture Debate1863 Words   |  8 PagesNature vs. Nurture Albert Camus once said, â€Å"Man is the only creature who refuses to be what he is.† But what makes man what he is? Is it his sheer genetic makeup, or is it the way he was raised? The nature vs. nurture debate has raged on for centuries, but neither side has been able to prove their point indefinitely. Even today we see displays of the contrast between genetics and learned behaviors, in athletics, in intelligence, in behavior, in medical history, and in work ethic. Each personRead MoreThe Debate On Nature Vs Nurture Essay1435 Words   |  6 Pagesdubious history of the debate on nature vs nurture continues to be a controversy, more and more psychologists start to rise from both sides of the argument. The earliest evidence can be traced back to the time of John Locke, who believes that our minds are blank slates and only experience can write override it. Despite the main focus of the issue being how environment transact to influence development, psychologists today cont inue to argue on the issue of nature vs nurture. Intelligence is more ofRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture Debate2114 Words   |  9 PagesNature vs. Nurture Albert Camus once said, â€Å"Man is the only creature who refuses to be what he is.† But what makes man what he is? Is it his sheer genetic makeup, or is it the way he was raised? The nature vs. nurture debate has raged on for centuries, but neither side has been able to prove their point indefinitely. Even today we see displays of the contrast between genetics and learned behaviors, some of which are athletics, intelligence, medical histories, etc. Every person is completelyRead MoreThe Nature Vs. Nurture Debate2673 Words   |  11 Pagesamount of social interaction is going to have a positive benefit, for young kids or any age. One of the most famous debates in Psychology is the Nature vs. Nurture debate, which has been going on since the time of Aristotle. The aspect within this debate comes to the question of; did the aspects of our behavior become because we inherited our characteristics from our parents know as the Nature? The other question leads up to our behavi or of; did we get our characteristics from what we learned from theRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture : The Debate Of Nature Versus Nurture895 Words   |  4 PagesNature vs. Nurture The debate of nature versus nurture has been an ongoing debate for a long time. When applying this argument to education there is no proven winner. The nature side of the coin believes that a person is born the way that they are. This could include intelligence level or personality traits such as being outgoing or shy. The other side of the argument of nurture believes that the type of upbringing that someone has will play a large role in the way they develop. It is thought

Judgement and Decision Making - 2270 Words

This paper provides a strategic analysis of the decision making process within ATT Asia Pacific. The analysis contains an in-depth discussion on ATT strategic decision in terms of the approach on multiple perspectives by Linstone (1984) and the power model by Parkin (1994). According to Parkin (1996: 155), strategic decisions can be divided into organizational decisions and social decisions. The consequences of social decisions affect the society as a whole and the process involves parties from outside of the organizations. The main focus of this paper is on the organizational side where parties from different levels of ATT participate in making the final decision. ATT provides professional network service to enterprises. Services†¦show more content†¦Power, is the main focus on the organizational perspective and the problem is to analysis how conflicts of power between different individuals, including interested parties external to the organization affect the outcome of the decision. The concern is to make sure the decision will not produce adverse effects on the organizational rights and the current standard operating procedures (Linstone, 1984: 47). ATT has a hierarchical decision making process. Although eventually the decision will be finalized by the top management, other related parties do have high degree of influences on the outcome. The service delivery team, finance team and the legal team follow the ATT existing procedures and guidelines to achieve with a rational analysis. Examinations on past relevant data such as the statistics on available resources, budget analysis and legal issues may force them to reject the proposal . While on the other hand, the sales team places pressure on the top management to make a decision on their favour no matter what analysis is produced by the other teams. The above discussion will be enhanced by integrating the concept of the personal perspective. Personal perspective deals with the understanding of the participants’ self-interests, behaviors and motivations in the process of decision making. Personal data is the least accessible component when compares to technical and organizational as it is driven by personal thinking andShow MoreRelatedThe Decision Making And Judgement Calls1124 Words   |  5 PagesMost decisions are made with analysis, but some are judgment calls not susceptible to analysis due to time or information constraints. Please write about a judgment call you’ve made recently that couldn’t be analyzed. It can be a big or small one, but should focus on a business issue. What was the situation, the alternatives you considered and evaluated, and your decision making process? Be sure to explain why you chose the alternative you did relative to others considered. It feels as ifRead MoreJudgement and Decision Making Text Abstracts2572 Words   |  11 PagesJackall seeks to explain the reasons behind inadequate decision making processes and ability. The circumstances and environments that cultivate ‘decision-making paralysis’ and a lack of individual decision making ability are explained. Numerous examples and reasons are outlined to communicate a manager’s fear of failure, reluctance to make decisions and inability to make effective decisions when required at all hierarchical levels. If a decision must be made, particularly for an unexpected situationRead MoreAbstract of Judgement Decision Making Topics Essay examples2441 Words   |  10 Pagescorporation the crux of a manager’s charisma is his decision making prowess. Though there is an abundance of scientific theories and myths related to decision making, generally decisions are made in a highly rationalized context. A manager would prefer taking decisions that are based on well-formulated and generally agreed upon strategies rather than evaluating all the possible solutions to the problem in hand and then taking a well reasoned decision. In contrast, managers are highly uncomfortableRead MoreA Good Leader Always Shows Good Judgement By Making Effective, Timely And Sound Decision1322 Words   |  6 PagesDecisiveness: a good leader always shows good judgement by making effective, timely and sound decision to respond to a situation which arises (Leadership and team work in the public service., p. 48) Adaptability: a good leader normally adapt to any long-term plans even when new information is available and always apply critical thinking to address any new development and prioritise tasks according to their order of importance in a changing environment to fit new circumstances (Leadership and teamRead MoreImproving Leadership Decision Making : Fear Of Lack Of Buy1045 Words   |  5 PagesImproving Leadership Decision-Making Fear of lack of buy-in. One of the most common areas of improvement for effective decision-making in times of uncertainty, is to avoid making decisions based only on the appeal to colleagues. Research shows that a fear of lack of buy-in or approval from colleagues should not be a motivator for making a decision. Examples include making decisions within the following motivators: a) decisions that will sit most comfortably with colleagues, b) be the most popularRead MoreThe Ethics And Human Sciences1364 Words   |  6 Pagesobtained through out someone’s life through their experiences, or belief system direct decision making almost completely. In my essay I will explore how Ethics and Human sciences correlate with this topic. I will also implement and tie in the connections of Reason and link these concepts with belief and experiences. While looking at Ethics, we can see the direct correlation and relationship that it has on our decision making. Ethics ties in the assumption that one has moral knowledge. This thought is producedRead MoreSocial Workers And Health Care Professionals1551 Words   |  7 Pagescare professionals are conveniently positioned to recognize and intervene in cases regarding financial elder abuse. An evidence-based educational intervention was established to aid practitioners in their decision-making regarding this epidemic. The objective was to test the effectiveness of a decision-training educational intervention on professionals new to the field and their ability to detect elder financial abuse (Harries et al, 2014). There are many forms of elder abuse. Recently, financial abuseRead MoreDescartes And Spinoza On The Freedom Of Human Will904 Words   |  4 PagesMany people have wondered if humans have the freedom of human will. Do we have the freedom of making our own decisions and judgements or is our will powerless and our actions and decisions are predetermined by prior causes? Well, there are two philosophers named Descartes and Spinoza that have had some disagreements about the human will and will give you their accounts about why their argument is stronger than the other. Descartes account of the will starts from the very nature of the willRead MoreEffective Appraisal Approaches And Its Influence On Investment Decision Making1441 Words   |  6 Pagesof equipment or inventory by owner in order to improve future business. (Kahraman, 2011) Moreover, the part of decision-making acts a crucial role in business investment that depends upon the investor’s profit expectation, the availability to finance the investment and the potential cost of assets. (Virlics, 2013) However, risk and uncertainty are the basic terms to the decision-making framework. Risk can be defined as the probability of outcomes or loss that is caused by internal or external vulnerabilitiesRead MoreOnline Shopping On The Internet1410 Words   |  6 Pagesidentity-building experience, but rather an experience we have little conscious involvement in. Regardless of how aware we are of these online identities, they exist and affect what we are shown online, which in turn can fu rther affect our consumption decisions. Anything that contributes to an individual’s process of forming an identity will be used by society to measure that individual’s worth. Aside from consumption, other identity-forming aspects of our life also influence the perception society has

Angels Demons Chapter 9-12 Free Essays

9 The corpse on the floor before Langdon was hideous. The late Leonardo Vetra lay on his back, stripped naked, his skin bluish-gray. His neck bones were jutting out where they had been broken, and his head was twisted completely backward, pointing the wrong way. We will write a custom essay sample on Angels Demons Chapter 9-12 or any similar topic only for you Order Now His face was out of view, pressed against the floor. The man lay in a frozen puddle of his own urine, the hair around his shriveled genitals spidered with frost. Fighting a wave of nausea, Langdon let his eyes fall to the victim’s chest. Although Langdon had stared at the symmetrical wound a dozen times on the fax, the burn was infinitely more commanding in real life. The raised, broiled flesh was perfectly delineated†¦ the symbol flawlessly formed. Langdon wondered if the intense chill now raking through his body was the air-conditioning or his utter amazement with the significance of what he was now staring at. Angels Demons His heart pounded as he circled the body, reading the word upside down, reaffirming the genius of the symmetry. The symbol seemed even less conceivable now that he was staring at it. â€Å"Mr. Langdon?† Langdon did not hear. He was in another world†¦ his world, his element, a world where history, myth, and fact collided, flooding his senses. The gears turned. â€Å"Mr. Langdon?† Kohler’s eyes probed expectantly. Langdon did not look up. His disposition now intensified, his focus total. â€Å"How much do you already know?† â€Å"Only what I had time to read on your website. The word Illuminati means ‘the enlightened ones.’ It is the name of some sort of ancient brotherhood.† Langdon nodded. â€Å"Had you heard the name before?† â€Å"Not until I saw it branded on Mr. Vetra.† â€Å"So you ran a web search for it?† â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"And the word returned hundreds of references, no doubt.† â€Å"Thousands,† Kohler said. â€Å"Yours, however, contained references to Harvard, Oxford, a reputable publisher, as well as a list of related publications. As a scientist I have come to learn that information is only as valuable as its source. Your credentials seemed authentic.† Langdon’s eyes were still riveted on the body. Kohler said nothing more. He simply stared, apparently waiting for Langdon to shed some light on the scene before them. Langdon looked up, glancing around the frozen flat. â€Å"Perhaps we should discuss this in a warmer place?† â€Å"This room is fine.† Kohler seemed oblivious to the cold. â€Å"We’ll talk here.† Langdon frowned. The Illuminati history was by no means a simple one. I’ll freeze to death trying to explain it. He gazed again at the brand, feeling a renewed sense of awe. Although accounts of the Illuminati emblem were legendary in modern symbology, no academic had ever actually seen it. Ancient documents described the symbol as an ambigram – ambi meaning â€Å"both† – signifying it was legible both ways. And although ambigrams were common in symbology – swastikas, yin yang, Jewish stars, simple crosses – the idea that a word could be crafted into an ambigram seemed utterly impossible. Modern symbologists had tried for years to forge the word â€Å"Illuminati† into a perfectly symmetrical style, but they had failed miserably. Most academics had now decided the symbol’s existence was a myth. â€Å"So who are the Illuminati?† Kohler demanded. Yes, Langdon thought, who indeed? He began his tale. â€Å"Since the beginning of history,† Langdon explained, â€Å"a deep rift has existed between science and religion. Outspoken scientists like Copernicus – â€Å" â€Å"Were murdered,† Kohler interjected. â€Å"Murdered by the church for revealing scientific truths. Religion has always persecuted science.† â€Å"Yes. But in the 1500s, a group of men in Rome fought back against the church. Some of Italy’s most enlightened men – physicists, mathematicians, astronomers – began meeting secretly to share their concerns about the church’s inaccurate teachings. They feared that the church’s monopoly on ‘truth’ threatened academic enlightenment around the world. They founded the world’s first scientific think tank, calling themselves ‘the enlightened ones.’ â€Å" â€Å"The Illuminati.† â€Å"Yes,† Langdon said. â€Å"Europe’s most learned minds†¦ dedicated to the quest for scientific truth.† Kohler fell silent. â€Å"Of course, the Illuminati were hunted ruthlessly by the Catholic Church. Only through rites of extreme secrecy did the scientists remain safe. Word spread through the academic underground, and the Illuminati brotherhood grew to include academics from all over Europe. The scientists met regularly in Rome at an ultrasecret lair they called the Church of Illumination.† Kohler coughed and shifted in his chair. â€Å"Many of the Illuminati,† Langdon continued, â€Å"wanted to combat the church’s tyranny with acts of violence, but their most revered member persuaded them against it. He was a pacifist, as well as one of history’s most famous scientists.† Langdon was certain Kohler would recognize the name. Even nonscientists were familiar with the ill-fated astronomer who had been arrested and almost executed by the church for proclaiming that the sun, and not the earth, was the center of the solar system. Although his data were incontrovertible, the astronomer was severely punished for implying that God had placed mankind somewhere other than at the center of His universe. â€Å"His name was Galileo Galilei,† Langdon said. Kohler looked up. â€Å"Galileo?† â€Å"Yes. Galileo was an Illuminatus. And he was also a devout Catholic. He tried to soften the church’s position on science by proclaiming that science did not undermine the existence of God, but rather reinforced it. He wrote once that when he looked through his telescope at the spinning planets, he could hear God’s voice in the music of the spheres. He held that science and religion were not enemies, but rather allies – two different languages telling the same story, a story of symmetry and balance†¦ heaven and hell, night and day, hot and cold, God and Satan. Both science and religion rejoiced in God’s symmetry†¦ the endless contest of light and dark.† Langdon paused, stamping his feet to stay warm. Kohler simply sat in his wheelchair and stared. â€Å"Unfortunately,† Langdon added, â€Å"the unification of science and religion was not what the church wanted.† â€Å"Of course not,† Kohler interrupted. â€Å"The union would have nullified the church’s claim as the sole vessel through which man could understand God. So the church tried Galileo as a heretic, found him guilty, and put him under permanent house arrest. I am quite aware of scientific history, Mr. Langdon. But this was all centuries ago. What does it have to do with Leonardo Vetra?† The million dollar question. Langdon cut to the chase. â€Å"Galileo’s arrest threw the Illuminati into upheaval. Mistakes were made, and the church discovered the identities of four members, whom they captured and interrogated. But the four scientists revealed nothing†¦ even under torture.† â€Å"Torture?† Langdon nodded. â€Å"They were branded alive. On the chest. With the symbol of a cross.† Kohler’s eyes widened, and he shot an uneasy glance at Vetra’s body. â€Å"Then the scientists were brutally murdered, their dead bodies dropped in the streets of Rome as a warning to others thinking of joining the Illuminati. With the church closing in, the remaining Illuminati fled Italy.† Langdon paused to make his point. He looked directly into Kohler’s dead eyes. â€Å"The Illuminati went deep underground, where they began mixing with other refugee groups fleeing the Catholic purges – mystics, alchemists, occultists, Muslims, Jews. Over the years, the Illuminati began absorbing new members. A new Illuminati emerged. A darker Illuminati. A deeply anti-Christian Illuminati. They grew very powerful, employing mysterious rites, deadly secrecy, vowing someday to rise again and take revenge on the Catholic Church. Their power grew to the point where the church considered them the single most dangerous anti-Christian force on earth. The Vatican denounced the brotherhood as Shaitan.† â€Å"Shaitan?† â€Å"It’s Islamic. It means ‘adversary’†¦ God’s adversary. The church chose Islam for the name because it was a language they considered dirty.† Langdon hesitated. â€Å"Shaitan is the root of an English word†¦Satan.† An uneasiness crossed Kohler’s face. Langdon’s voice was grim. â€Å"Mr. Kohler, I do not know how this marking appeared on this man’s chest†¦ or why†¦ but you are looking at the long-lost symbol of the world’s oldest and most powerful satanic cult.† 10 The alley was narrow and deserted. The Hassassin strode quickly now, his black eyes filling with anticipation. As he approached his destination, Janus’s parting words echoed in his mind. Phase two begins shortly. Get some rest. The Hassassin smirked. He had been awake all night, but sleep was the last thing on his mind. Sleep was for the weak. He was a warrior like his ancestors before him, and his people never slept once a battle had begun. This battle had most definitely begun, and he had been given the honor of spilling first blood. Now he had two hours to celebrate his glory before going back to work. Sleep? There are far better ways to relax†¦ An appetite for hedonistic pleasure was something bred into him by his ancestors. His ascendants had indulged in hashish, but he preferred a different kind of gratification. He took pride in his body – a well-tuned, lethal machine, which, despite his heritage, he refused to pollute with narcotics. He had developed a more nourishing addiction than drugs†¦ a far more healthy and satisfying reward. Feeling a familiar anticipation swelling within him, the Hassassin moved faster down the alley. He arrived at the nondescript door and rang the bell. A view slit in the door opened, and two soft brown eyes studied him appraisingly. Then the door swung open. â€Å"Welcome,† the well-dressed woman said. She ushered him into an impeccably furnished sitting room where the lights were low. The air was laced with expensive perfume and musk. â€Å"Whenever you are ready.† She handed him a book of photographs. â€Å"Ring me when you have made your choice.† Then she disappeared. The Hassassin smiled. As he sat on the plush divan and positioned the photo album on his lap, he felt a carnal hunger stir. Although his people did not celebrate Christmas, he imagined that this is what it must feel like to be a Christian child, sitting before a stack of Christmas presents, about to discover the miracles inside. He opened the album and examined the photos. A lifetime of sexual fantasies stared back at him. Marisa. An Italian goddess. Fiery. A young Sophia Loren. Sachiko. A Japanese geisha. Lithe. No doubt skilled. Kanara. A stunning black vision. Muscular. Exotic. He examined the entire album twice and made his choice. He pressed a button on the table beside him. A minute later the woman who had greeted him reappeared. He indicated his selection. She smiled. â€Å"Follow me.† After handling the financial arrangements, the woman made a hushed phone call. She waited a few minutes and then led him up a winding marble staircase to a luxurious hallway. â€Å"It’s the gold door on the end,† she said. â€Å"You have expensive taste.† I should, he thought. I am a connoisseur. The Hassassin padded the length of the hallway like a panther anticipating a long overdue meal. When he reached the doorway he smiled to himself. It was already ajar†¦ welcoming him in. He pushed, and the door swung noiselessly open. When he saw his selection, he knew he had chosen well. She was exactly as he had requested†¦ nude, lying on her back, her arms tied to the bedposts with thick velvet cords. He crossed the room and ran a dark finger across her ivory abdomen. I killed last night, he thought. You are my reward. 11 â€Å"Satanic?† Kohler wiped his mouth and shifted uncomfortably. â€Å"This is the symbol of a satanic cult?† Langdon paced the frozen room to keep warm. â€Å"The Illuminati were satanic. But not in the modern sense.† Langdon quickly explained how most people pictured satanic cults as devil-worshiping fiends, and yet Satanists historically were educated men who stood as adversaries to the church. Shaitan. The rumors of satanic black-magic animal sacrifices and the pentagram ritual were nothing but lies spread by the church as a smear campaign against their adversaries. Over time, opponents of the church, wanting to emulate the Illuminati, began believing the lies and acting them out. Thus, modern Satanism was born. Kohler grunted abruptly. â€Å"This is all ancient history. I want to know how this symbol got here.† Langdon took a deep breath. â€Å"The symbol itself was created by an anonymous sixteenth-century Illuminati artist as a tribute to Galileo’s love of symmetry – a kind of sacred Illuminati logo. The brotherhood kept the design secret, allegedly planning to reveal it only when they had amassed enough power to resurface and carry out their final goal.† Kohler looked unsettled. â€Å"So this symbol means the Illuminati brotherhood is resurfacing?† Langdon frowned. â€Å"That would be impossible. There is one chapter of Illuminati history that I have not yet explained.† Kohler’s voice intensified. â€Å"Enlighten me.† Langdon rubbed his palms together, mentally sorting through the hundreds of documents he’d read or written on the Illuminati. â€Å"The Illuminati were survivors,† he explained. â€Å"When they fled Rome, they traveled across Europe looking for a safe place to regroup. They were taken in by another secret society†¦ a brotherhood of wealthy Bavarian stone craftsmen called the Freemasons.† Kohler looked startled. â€Å"The Masons?† Langdon nodded, not at all surprised that Kohler had heard of the group. The brotherhood of the Masons currently had over five million members worldwide, half of them residing in the United States, and over one million of them in Europe. â€Å"Certainly the Masons are not satanic,† Kohler declared, sounding suddenly skeptical. â€Å"Absolutely not. The Masons fell victim of their own benevolence. After harboring the fleeing scientists in the 1700s, the Masons unknowingly became a front for the Illuminati. The Illuminati grew within their ranks, gradually taking over positions of power within the lodges. They quietly reestablished their scientific brotherhood deep within the Masons – a kind of secret society within a secret society. Then the Illuminati used the worldwide connection of Masonic lodges to spread their influence.† Langdon drew a cold breath before racing on. â€Å"Obliteration of Catholicism was the Illuminati’s central covenant. The brotherhood held that the superstitious dogma spewed forth by the church was mankind’s greatest enemy. They feared that if religion continued to promote pious myth as absolute fact, scientific progress would halt, and mankind would be doomed to an ignorant future of senseless holy wars.† â€Å"Much like we see today.† Langdon frowned. Kohler was right. Holy wars were still making headlines. My God is better than your God. It seemed there was always close correlation between true believers and high body counts. â€Å"Go on,† Kohler said. Langdon gathered his thoughts and continued. â€Å"The Illuminati grew more powerful in Europe and set their sights on America, a fledgling government many of whose leaders were Masons – George Washington, Ben Franklin – honest, God-fearing men who were unaware of the Illuminati stronghold on the Masons. The Illuminati took advantage of the infiltration and helped found banks, universities, and industry to finance their ultimate quest.† Langdon paused. â€Å"The creation of a single unified world state – a kind of secular New World Order.† Kohler did not move. â€Å"A New World Order,† Langdon repeated, â€Å"based on scientific enlightenment. They called it their Luciferian Doctrine. The church claimed Lucifer was a reference to the devil, but the brotherhood insisted Lucifer was intended in its literal Latin meaning – bringer of light. Or Illuminator.† Kohler sighed, and his voice grew suddenly solemn. â€Å"Mr. Langdon, please sit down.† Langdon sat tentatively on a frost-covered chair. Kohler moved his wheelchair closer. â€Å"I am not sure I understand everything you have just told me, but I do understand this. Leonardo Vetra was one of CERN’s greatest assets. He was also a friend. I need you to help me locate the Illuminati.† Langdon didn’t know how to respond. â€Å"Locate the Illuminati?† He’s kidding, right? â€Å"I’m afraid, sir, that will be utterly impossible.† Kohler’s brow creased. â€Å"What do you mean? You won’t – â€Å" â€Å"Mr. Kohler.† Langdon leaned toward his host, uncertain how to make him understand what he was about to say. â€Å"I did not finish my story. Despite appearances, it is extremely unlikely that this brand was put here by the Illuminati. There has been no evidence of their existence for over half a century, and most scholars agree the Illuminati have been defunct for many years.† The words hit silence. Kohler stared through the fog with a look somewhere between stupefaction and anger. â€Å"How the hell can you tell me this group is extinct when their name is seared into this man!† Langdon had been asking himself that question all morning. The appearance of the Illuminati ambigram was astonishing. Symbologists worldwide would be dazzled. And yet, the academic in Langdon understood that the brand’s reemergence proved absolutely nothing about the Illuminati. â€Å"Symbols,† Langdon said, â€Å"in no way confirm the presence of their original creators.† â€Å"What is that supposed to mean?† â€Å"It means that when organized philosophies like the Illuminati go out of existence, their symbols remain†¦ available for adoption by other groups. It’s called transference. It’s very common in symbology. The Nazis took the swastika from the Hindus, the Christians adopted the cruciform from the Egyptians, the – â€Å" â€Å"This morning,† Kohler challenged, â€Å"when I typed the word ‘Illuminati’ into the computer, it returned thousands of current references. Apparently a lot of people think this group is still active.† â€Å"Conspiracy buffs,† Langdon replied. He had always been annoyed by the plethora of conspiracy theories that circulated in modern pop culture. The media craved apocalyptic headlines, and self-proclaimed â€Å"cult specialists† were still cashing in on millennium hype with fabricated stories that the Illuminati were alive and well and organizing their New World Order. Recently the New York Times had reported the eerie Masonic ties of countless famous men – Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, the Duke of Kent, Peter Sellers, Irving Berlin, Prince Philip, Louis Armstrong, as well as a pantheon of well-known modern-day industrialists and banking magnates. Kohler pointed angrily at Vetra’s body. â€Å"Considering the evidence, I would say perhaps the conspiracy buffs are correct.† â€Å"I realize how it appears,† Langdon said as diplomatically as he could. â€Å"And yet a far more plausible explanation is that some other organization has taken control of the Illuminati brand and is using it for their own purposes.† â€Å"What purposes? What does this murder prove?† Good question, Langdon thought. He also was having trouble imagining where anyone could have turned up the Illuminati brand after 400 years. â€Å"All I can tell you is that even if the Illuminati were still active today, which I am virtually positive they are not, they would never be involved in Leonardo Vetra’s death.† â€Å"No?† â€Å"No. The Illuminati may have believed in the abolition of Christianity, but they wielded their power through political and financial means, not through terrorists acts. Furthermore, the Illuminati had a strict code of morality regarding who they saw as enemies. They held men of science in the highest regard. There is no way they would have murdered a fellow scientist like Leonardo Vetra.† Kohler’s eyes turned to ice. â€Å"Perhaps I failed to mention that Leonardo Vetra was anything but an ordinary scientist.† Langdon exhaled patiently. â€Å"Mr. Kohler, I’m sure Leonardo Vetra was brilliant in many ways, but the fact remains – â€Å" Without warning, Kohler spun in his wheelchair and accelerated out of the living room, leaving a wake of swirling mist as he disappeared down a hallway. For the love of God, Langdon groaned. He followed. Kohler was waiting for him in a small alcove at the end of the hallway. â€Å"This is Leonardo’s study,† Kohler said, motioning to the sliding door. â€Å"Perhaps when you see it you’ll understand things differently.† With an awkward grunt, Kohler heaved, and the door slid open. Langdon peered into the study and immediately felt his skin crawl. Holy mother of Jesus, he said to himself. 12 In another country, a young guard sat patiently before an expansive bank of video monitors. He watched as images flashed before him – live feeds from hundreds of wireless video cameras that surveyed the sprawling complex. The images went by in an endless procession. An ornate hallway. A private office. An industrial-size kitchen. As the pictures went by, the guard fought off a daydream. He was nearing the end of his shift, and yet he was still vigilant. Service was an honor. Someday he would be granted his ultimate reward. As his thoughts drifted, an image before him registered alarm. Suddenly, with a reflexive jerk that startled even himself, his hand shot out and hit a button on the control panel. The picture before him froze. His nerves tingling, he leaned toward the screen for a closer look. The reading on the monitor told him the image was being transmitted from camera #86 – a camera that was supposed to be overlooking a hallway. But the image before him was most definitely not a hallway. How to cite Angels Demons Chapter 9-12, Essay examples

Impact of Bottlenecks on Manufacturing Facility Free Samples

Questions: 1) What did you learn about the Impact of bottlenecks on the Process Metrics of the Manufacturing Facility? 2) As the Operations Manager, what changes are you going to make for Maximising the Capacity per hour? Answers: Introduction A bottleneck is a process in which its limited capacity retards the whole chains capacity. This assignment provides a reflective view of learning regarding bottlenecks impact on process metrics of the manufacturing facility. Changes requires as an operational manager for maximizing capacity per hour are also identified without purchasing additional workstations. 1.Impact of bottlenecks on process metrics of the manufacturing facility Amaral (2014) stated that Bottlenecks are usually constraints that take the longest time in a supply for a particular demand. In the simulation three-step model, workstation B assigned to Bob is the bottleneck of the supply chain process. Due to the bottleneck, I have learned that workstation A is blocked and as a result, workstation C is blocked too for additional 5 minutes. Workstation A assigned to Alice and workstation C is assigned to Charlie having different task time in units, which are 3 minutes for workstation A, 5 minutes for workstation B and 2 minutes for workstation C respectively. Using the simulation, no matter where the bottleneck is used that is the workstation B with 5 minutes times is placed, overall capacity per hour remains same at a constant rate of 12. A total utilization percentage of 66.67% is calculated. However, when the bottleneck is placed at mid position after workstation A and before workstation C, the task at workstation A is delayed during processing of workstation B. Hence, it is recommended to place workstation B at starting of the supply chain followed by workstation B and workstation C respectively. With such arrangement I have learnt that the throughout process was increased. However, process metrics was not influenced significantly. The bottleneck working at 100% utilization increased the capacity per hour and overall utilization although the other two workstations were not working at 100% utilization but at 60% (Workstation A) and 40% (Workstation B) (Kjellsdotter Ivert 2014). Overall utilization remains to be an average value of 66.67%. The cycle time remains 5 minutes because as a task is assigned to Alice, it takes 3 minutes to process, then after it is passed to Bob, it takes around 5 minutes to process when the task at A is blocked. Hence, I have learnt that cost per hour on a bottleneck is numerically equal to loss of an hour for the entire supply chain and equal to the loss of throughout for the supply chain as a whole (Rotaru 2014). When I recognized the bottleneck, incurred a total cost of 0.1% of the total cost, rest of the 99.9% can be used for spending in increment of the throughout without any extra cost to be incurred (Cb.hbsp.harvard.edu 2017). 2.Maximizing the capacity per hour As an operation manager, first I would like to rearrange the workstations. According to Costas et al. (2015), if the task time is constraints then it will be difficult to obtain a higher capacity per hour. However trying to decrease the task time in minutes will increase the production per hour dramatically. If the utilization percentage of each workstation is to increase, I need to find a way to decrease bottlenecks time duration. Since the bottleneck is working at 100% efficiency, other workstations are providing maximum utilization (Stadtler 2015). If the workstation Bs task time is decreased to 2.5 minutes, the utilization is decreased to 83% and hence the workstation A gets a full utilization of 100%. Simultaneously, workstation B has a comparatively lower utilization of 67%. The capacity per hour in this scenario is increased to 20 and a total utility of 83.33% is achieved hence an improvement of 16.66% extra from initial condition is achieved. Cycle time is also decreased to 3 minutes as well as minimum throughout cycle is 7.5 minutes. Most importantly maximum utilization will be achieved if all the workstations are made to have an equal task time of 3.33 minutes as average working time for Alice, Bob and Charlie are 3.33 [(5+3+2)/3 = 3.33]. Therefore, 100% utilization is achieved due to removal of bottlenecks and a min throughout time of 10 minutes is achieved. Capacity per hour is also improved to 18 with a total utilization percentage of 100% (Cb.hbsp.harvard.edu 2017). However if the task time cannot be changed or altered and there is only option to interchange the position of workers in workstation, I would prefer Bob the slowest to start the chain followed by next slowest Alice and finally Charlie the fastest. This will ensure that no goods are retained in the factory process chain and are delivered to logistics as soon as they arrive at workplace (Roehrich 2014). If the task times cannot be changed and workstations cannot be interchanged, I would decrease the input to bottleneck steps. Moreover, I would ensure that everything provided to the bottleneck is free from any sort of defect. As stated by Kerzner (2013), valuable bottleneck resources will not be used up in this way to process materials, which will be discarded later on. Any activities, which can be done by other machinery or personnel, will be removed from bottlenecks. I will also assign most productive member to the bottleneck process and reinforce it with latest technology. I will also add capacity to the bottleneck process. Adding capacity to bottlenecks will ensure that the supply-chain management process is enhanced to maximum proficiency level increasing production output. Conclusion It can be concluded that by simply shifting the work, process efficiency can be improved significantly without the application of additional cost. Specialized job roles if assigned will however create problems, as the job cannot be shifted. In the above simulated process, if the work is possible to be shifted from one workstation to another workstation, it is recommended to keep the bottlenecks at the initial step or provide finished product to the bottleneck so that no resource of the bottleneck is used. In addition, if the shifting is not possible, it is recommended to use efficient machine and worker for the bottleneck task. Most importantly if bottleneck task is used is not scheduled properly will delay the entire process. It is also seen that as an operational manager I will try to resource and level time of each workstation that will cause to obtain a greater production rate and increase utilization percentage. References Amaral, T.M. and Costa, A.P., 2014. Improving decision-making and management of hospital resources: An application of the PROMETHEE II method in an Emergency Department.Operations Research for Health Care,3(1), pp.1-6. Cb.hbsp.harvard.edu, 2017, Process Analytics Simulations, Available at: https://cb.hbsp.harvard.edu/cbmp/context/coursepacks/61182556 [Accessed 1 April 2017]. Costas, J., Ponte, B., de la Fuente, D., Pino, R. and Puche, J., 2015. Applying Goldratts Theory of Constraints to reduce the Bullwhip Effect through agent-based modeling.Expert Systems with Applications,42(4), pp.2049-2060. Roehrich, J., Grosvold, J. and U. Hoejmose, S., 2014. Reputational risks and sustainable supply chain management: Decision making under bounded rationality.International Journal of Operations Production Management,34(5), pp.695-719. Kerzner, H., 2013.Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Kjellsdotter Ivert, L. and Jonsson, P., 2014. When should advanced planning and scheduling systems be used in sales and operations planning?.International Journal of Operations Production Management,34(10), pp.1338-1362. Rotaru, K., Churilov, L. and Flitman, A., 2014. Can critical realism enable a journey from description to understanding in operations and supply chain management?.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,19(2), pp.117-125. Stadtler, H., 2015. Supply chain management: Supply chain management and advanced planning. Springer Berlin Heidelberg.