DNA Lab Report Essay

What is DNA? What do the letters stand for? What is it composed of? Where is it found? What is it shaped like? Answer in full sentences. It is the genetic material that can be passed on from parent to offspring DNA –> Deoxyribonucleic acid It composed of Deoxyribose (5 carbon sugar), a phosphate and a Nitrogonous base (the 4 N-bases are Guanine, Cytosine, Adenine and Thymine) It is a double helix (looks like a twisted ladder.) DNA is found in the nucleus of most cells Go to www.dnai.org > Timeline Visit the above website, read a scientist’s biography, watch an interview, or work through an experiment to identify scientists, dates, events, and facts that makeup the major advances (so far) in the science of DNA. List the answer in front of each question below: 1. Johann Gregor Mendel__________ It took him eight years and more than 10,000 pea plants to discover the laws of inheritance. 2. ___ Linus Pauling_______ Even though he added an extra strand to the structure of DNA, he ultimately won two Nobel Prizes: the Nobel Prize in Chemistry and the Nobel Peace Prize. 3. _____ Martha Chase and Alfred Hershey These two scientists used a common kitchen appliance to help show that phage DNA carries instructions to make new viruses. 4. ____ Barbara McClintock______ Next time you’re munching away at the movies, think of this Nobel-Prize winning scientist who figured out the process of transposition in corn chromosomes. 5. _____ 1962_____ When did Watson, Crick, and Wilkins win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their model of the structure of DNA? 6. _____ David Baltimore_____ This scientist found that some viruses have an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase that was later named â€Å"reverse transcriptase.† He was one of three who shared in the 1975 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. 7. _____ The Human Genome Project_____ J. Craig Venter’s company, Celera Genomics, worked on this very important project. 8. ____ Density gradient centrifugation______ Matthew Meselson and Frank Stahl invented this new technique in their quest to prove that DNA replication is semi-conservative. 9. _____ Friedrich Miescher_____ I first isolated DNA using pus collected from bandages at a  local hospital. Since white blood cells are a major component of pus, they were my source of DNA. Yuck! 10. _____ Thomas Hunt Morgan_____ The â€Å"fly room† at Columbia University was established through my efforts. Imagine working in a room filled with bottle after bottle of fruit flies! 11. ____ Thomas R. Cech______ I showed that RNA could act as its own catalyst. Because of my work, it is no longer correct to state, â€Å"all enzymes are proteins†. Go to www.dnai.org > Code > Finding the Structure > problem As you work through the problem section, write, in your own words, the specific contribution that each scientist made to the DNA story in the spaces provided below. Scientist  Contribution Friedrich Miescher He is famous for discovery of nucleic acid, which led to the discovery of DNA. This occurred while he was studying proteins in leukocytes. He named it ‘nucleic acid’ because it came from the nucleus of the cell. Phoebus Levene In 1909 Levene found that the carbohydrate present in yeast nucleic acid is the pentose sugar ribose he succeeded in identifying the carbohydrate in thymus nucleic acid. Levene had succeeded in establishing the nucleic acids as genuine molecules existing independently of the proteins Oswald Avery He discovered that DNA is the material of which genes and chromosomes are made. Go to www.dnai.org > Code > Finding the Structure > players View and listen to the videos and read the text at the site listed above. Write, in your own words, the specific contribution that each scientist made to the DNA story in the spaces provided below. Scientist  Contribution Francis Crick found out the structure of DNA (the double helix). Erwin Chargaff Chargaff discovered two rules that helped lead to the discovery of the double helix structure of DNA Rosalind Franklin Took x-ray of DNA. DNA crystallography allowed Crick to look at the picture to determine it Linus Pauling Linus Pauling contributed a triple-stranded DNA model to scientific research in 1953. Maurice Wilkins He made discoveries about the molecular structure of nucleic acids and their significance for information transfer in living material. James Watson discovery of the molecular structure of deoxyribonucleic acid — DNA — the building block of all life Answer the following questions, referring back to the materials you viewed above: 1. Watson and Crick knew that the triple helix model of DNA that Linus Pauling had proposed was incorrect. What evidence did they have for such a conclusion? The problem of replication could not be worked out in triple helix. 2. The work of Rosalind Franklin provided a key piece of data for Watson and Crick’s model of DNA. Summarize that evidence and how it was pivotal to the correct model being built. Rosalind Franklin provided x-ray crystallography photographs that showed a triple helix did not work.

History of Basketball Essay

Basketball was invented in December 1891 by the Canadian clergyman, educator, and physician James Naismith. Naismith introduced the game when we was an instructor at the Young Men’s Christian Association Training School (now Springfield College) in Springfield, Massachusetts. At the request of his superior, Dr. Luther H. Gulick, he organized a vigorous recreation suitable for indoor winter play. The game involved elements of American football, soccer, and hockey, and the first ball used was a soccer ball. Teams had nine players, and the goals were wooden peach baskets affixed to the walls. By 1897-1898, teams of five became standard. The game rapidly spread nationwide and to Canada and other parts of the world, played by both women and men; it also became a popular informal outdoor game. U. S. servicemen in World War II (1939-1945) popularized the sport in many other countries. A number of U. S. colleges adopted the game between about 1893 and 1895. In 1934 the first college games were staged in New York City’s Madison Square Garden, and college basketball began to attract heightened interest. By the 1950s basketball had become a major college sport, thus paving the way for a growth of interest in professional basketball. The first pro league, the National Basketball League, was formed in 1898 to protect players from exploitation and to promote a less rough game. This league only lasted five years before disbanding; its demise spawned a number of loosely organized leagues throughout the northeastern United States. One of the first and greatest pro teams was the Original Celtics, organized about 1915 in New York City. They played as many as 150 games a season and dominated basketball until 1936. The Harlem Globetrotters, founded in 1927, a notable exhibition team, specializes in amusing court antics and expert ball handling. In 1949 two subsequent professional leagues, the National Basketball League (formed in 1937) and the Basketball Association of America (1946) merged to create the National Basketball Association (NBA). The Boston Celtics, led by their center Bill Russell, dominated the NBA from the late 1950s through the 1960s. By the 1960s, pro teams from coast to coast played before crowds of many millions annually. Wilt Chamberlain, a center for the Los Angeles Lakers, was another leading player during the era, and his battles with Russell were eagerly anticipated. Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, also a center, came to prominence during the 1970s. Jabbar perfected his famed â€Å"sky hook† shot while playing for the Los Angeles Lakers and dominated the opposition. The NBA suffered a drop in popularity during the late 1970s, but was resuscitated, principally through the growing popularity of its most prominent players. Larry Bird of the Boston Celtics, and Magic Johnson of the Los Angeles Lakers are credited with injecting excitement into the league in the 1980s through their superior skills and decade-long rivalry. During the late 1980s Michael Jordan of the Chicago Bulls rose to stardom and helped the Bulls dominate the NBA during the early 1990s. A new generation of basketball stars, including Shaquille O’Neal of the Orlando Magic and Larry Johnson of the Charlotte Hornets, have sustained the NBA’s growth in popularity. In 1959 a Basketball Hall of Fame was founded in Springfield, Massachusetts. Its rosters include the names of great players, coaches, referees, and people who have contributed significantly to the development of the game.

Census And Dating Prospects In California Assignment

Census And Dating Prospects In California - Assignment Example Women interested in identifying dating opportunities need not worry because there are men out there who are more fertile and readily available. Another important aspect in determining dating prospect from the findings of United States’ Census Bureau was the type of households in California. Families with fathers as the only parent are fewer than those that are headed by single mothers. Female-headed households accounted for 25% while families with males as the single parent in the household recorded 9%. It is advisable for men to stop worrying about women to date because the older population consists of an increased number of women who have opted out of relationships. Jerry McCain thought about moving to a college in the neighboring state, Arizona, to try his luck in finding a lady to settle down with on January 28, 2014. He will settle with his cousin Martin before finding a part-time job to sustain his marital needs and fund his wedding plans. Typically, this is not bad for a high school graduate. Compared with the reports from the estimates of American Community Survey, Arizona, with a favorable male to female ratio of 2:1, is a better hunting ground for female partners. Figures for the current year (2014) have not been released to determine the changes in proportions between the male and female populations. On a different perspective, dating prospects in California can be determined by the variations in the male and female populations in different ethnic groups. It is easy to date African American and Latino or Hispanic ladies and men between 15 and 19 years as compared to white alone, not Latino or Hispanic. For example, data recorder indicated that there are many Latino or Hispanic males and females in learning institutions for the active dating age group of 15 to 19 years. They account for 40% of the total number of school enrollments.

Operating a Retail Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Operating a Retail Business - Essay Example The main daily operations management role are cash handling, safety and security, visual merchandizing, customer services, and inventory and stock management (Pinson2004) . Cash handling is an essential operation of any business .The business involves selling of artifacts on cash basis and so management of cash must have tight internal controls. In addition, since the aim of the business is to make profit, the amount of cash is an essential measure of profitability and a mean of covering operating expenses. The most appropriate cash management technique is computerized (electronic) cash management system (Balkin &Cardy, 2008). Customers are assets in any business and so a good customer care service is an important business strategy that any organization must prioritize. The customer service include assisting customers when shopping, allowing customer to make their purchases choice without unwarranted influence from the staff, giving customers correct and honest information and feedback, ensuring that the quality of the products is of high standard, and offering appropriate after sales services such as packaging(Pinson2004). Visual merchandising is a daily operation management that ensures that enhances the ability of the business to attract potential customer once they note the presence and arrangement of its stock. The important visual merchandising include attractive display of products, ensuring that there is enough lamination within the shop, enhancing ventilation, daily cleaning procedures, advertisement charts and portable advertisement boards are to placed in right places, and ensuring that there is enough space for customers to move within the premise(Sullivan &Steven, 2003) . Stock and inventory management ensures that the business has sufficient stock for its customer. This operation management action also ensures that adequate steps are adopted and adhered to avoid loss of stock (Sullivan &Steven, 2003). Safety and security ensures

Philosophy of Nursing with compassion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Philosophy of Nursing with compassion - Essay Example Nightingale’s philosophy includes the four meta-paradigm concepts of Nursing, but the primary focus is on the patient and the environment (Nightingale, 1860/1969). Health is â€Å"not only to be well, but to be able to use well every power we have to use,† (Nightingale, 1969, p. 24) Nursing has been a fascination of mine since I was a little girl. I have a lot of compassion and love for people. My career started at the age of 17; graduating from the High School of Health Professions. I worked 4 years as a Nurse Aide, 10 years as a LVN, and now 22 years as a RN. I look at the patients I care for with a heart as if they were my family members; giving excellent care. I feel God gave me a gift to share and take care of others. Philippians 2:4 states â€Å"Let each of you look not only to his own interest, but also to the interests of others. (Holy Bible King James Version).Ephesians 4:32 states â€Å"Be kind to one another, tender hearted, forgiving one another, as God in Christ forgave us.† (Holy Bible King James Version) I recently had tragedy in my own life and was a bit heartbreaking. My husband died from a cardiac arrest on dialysis in October 2014. Being a dialysis nurse I questioned coming back to dialysis and even nursing profession. After 3 months to heal and go through my grief, I now realize this where God wants me to be and be more effective. The nurse owes the same duties to self as to others, including the responsibility to preserve integrity and safety. (ANA, 2001, p. 18) Historically from the era of Florence Nightingale‘s philosophy focused on the primarily on the patient and their environment, with the nurse controlling the environment to enhance the recovery of the patient. The ANA code of ethics for nurses was developed as a guide to responsibility care for patients in a manner that reflected quality in nursing care and the ethical obligations

Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 22

Case Study Example The issues are therefore into the matters of both principle and divisible, there is a complex number of them as presented in the case. The essential problem might be due to poor management system or the common issue of personal dispute within the human resource. In this case, the first agenda should be about the issue of settlement, allowing the two parties to have active involvement for the gathering of data and information. The interests involve both personal. It is personal in a sense that there are prevailing internal disputes within the human resource, and inclusion of personal future objective. It is corporate in a sense that the entire firm or company is involved in the entire case. Due to determined individual goal of Sai de Leon, something beyond the firm’s, there might be absence of opportunity for agreement to satisfy both parties. The common ground may be the willingness to be compensated for whatever possible loss incurred. However, the areas of conflict between teams might as well be rooted in here. For instance, de Leon would want to be get paid as his/her final intention, but the company might as well would not want to give in knowing that the entire issue could just be solely about personal ambitions and not that beneficial for the entire firm. It is first important to go for legal issues concerning disputes, or complaints as like the kind stated in the case. There are also important cases necessary to back or support the legal issues. Agreements, precedent and history are necessary too, because this will provide opportunity to determine the right possible courses of actions to be taken to satisfy personal goal. This information should be used in the negotiation by citing them and when there is a need to clarify points in order for the two parties to meet half-way or will have full understanding of the entire case, from varying

Business Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business Research - Essay Example Since historical times, researchers have performed harmful experiments on fellow human beings, all for their selfish gains, disregarding the established rules, regulations and ethical principles (Eckart, 2006). What is more, these tests have been done illegally, minus the knowledge, consent, or even the informed consent of participants. For instance, study subjects have been injected with deadly or debilitating pathogens, exposed to deadly biological and chemical weapons, toxic and radioactive chemicals, surgical experiments, and mind-changing drugs (Eckart, 2006). Unfortunately, children are the most targeted and affected group in these experiments. This case study on unethical business research features a former gastroenterologist at Londons Royal Free Hospital named Andrew Wakefield. In 1998, Wakefield published in the Medical Journal Lancet, a study in which he linked the triple Measles, Mumps and Rubella (MMR) vaccine with autism and bowel disorders in children. In addition to t his publication, Wakefield made public statements that made the public to panic and avoid the vaccine. Later, the study by Wakefield would be discredited and the MMR vaccine declared safe for use. In fact, the UK authorities later discovered that the manner in which the gastroenterologist had conducted his research was unethical (Harrell, 2010). According to the General Medical Council’s ruling, Wakefield had conducted himself not only dishonestly but also irresponsibly with an uncaring disregard for the child-participants. Nonetheless, Wakefield would term the ruling unjust and state that he had no regrets over his findings. The General Medical Council criticized Wakefield for various misconducts including his use of invasive tests such as colonoscopies and spinal taps on the children with utter disregard to the side effects of these methods on the children and his method of obtaining blood samples by bribing the children with $8 during his son’s birthday (Harrell, 2010).

International Cooperation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

International Cooperation - Essay Example International institutions are essential in ensuring cooperation between states and this is mainly through enforcing reciprocity. These institutions ensure that they institutionalize cooperation in such a manner that states find it hard to renege on those treaties or agreements that they have made with others. Furthermore, international institutions are designed to reduce mistrust and instead foster a spirit of confidence between member states, thus making possible an environment that is conducive for cooperation. The formation of these institutions guarantees the creation of ground rules that are necessary to build confidence between member states, which allows for the development of better initiatives for cooperation. The reciprocal nature of cooperation through international institutions is necessary for fostering the needed agreements to reduce friction between states and instead bring about mutual benefits between partners at the state level.International institutions act as a m eans through which states can be able to achieve international security mainly through developing confidence between member states. It should be noted that states normally try to secure themselves in the belief that there will come a time when their security might be threatened by their neighbors or other international players. In order to ensure their mutual security, states have come to cooperate in this sector, an example being NATO which has brought together some of the most powerful states in the world.

Analytical Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

Analytical Report - Essay Example Out of the total†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..Academic semesters, †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ semesters are reserved for on-the job training in the form of Internship. I was admitted as an Intern in the Logistics firm â€Å" M/s Takhzeen Warehousing and Logistics company †TAKHZEEN† from†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ to †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. The aim of my internship service is to familiarize me with the operations, management and impact of this logistics company, on the business of Logistics Service in the Arabian Gulf Region, the role it plays in this business, its management style and potentials for me to be a part of its growth, and thus achieve a career advancement for me. From my academic learning I know of the theoretical concepts underlying the business. I also realize that it is not always possible for a business to conform to typical theoretical models of work. Thus I would like to know how the company has molded its practices to get along with the ground realities. As a Trainee Manger, I am fascinated by the different tools available for upgrading Quality and service aspects of the business. I want to see how far the buzz words of Modern Quality Management, like ERP, TQM, Kaizen and Six Sigma are introduced in the Company, and also how far they have been successful in this Company. An ounce of practice is more valuable than a ton of theory. So I have used my Internship to closely watch the Organizational Setup, Command Chain, Supply Chain, Quality Management and Customer Management, as much as I study my academic specialty subject of Finance in the context of this company. Since I have the long term goal of owning and operating a Logistics company of my own, I would also be observing the company from the entrepreneur’s perspective. I would like to study the origin and growth of the Company over the years and see how best to adopt the lessons from its growth, to start and grow my own company. SECTION 2 1. Company Culture The Takhzeen Warehousing and & Storage Company† TAKHZEEN† was incorporated as a Closed Bahraini Shareholding Company. It has a strategic alliance with Al Muthana Investment Company of Kuwait and Al Khawari group of Saudi Arabia. The authorized Share Capital of the Company is $50 million, and the paid up capital is $10 million. The motivation for setting up of this company was the admiration and belief in the competence of the Saudi Arabian Company’s specialized knowledge and skill in the field of Logistics—cold storage, transport, and all allied aspects of logistics. Takhzeen looked forward to providing Professional and efficient Logistics support to the Private Sector in Bahrain and the Arabian Gulf region, benefiting from the expertise of its partners. For this, the Company expected to set the latest International standards and practices in its operations, with a view to set market standards in the region. Mr. Murad Al Ramadan, Managing Director of Takhzeen, and also Deputy C.E.O. for Investme nt set the short term goal of Takhzeen as identifying and entering the various opportunities in the area for Logistics service and expanding progressively into .the whole of the region. Another goal was to develop and provide training

Excel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Excel - Essay Example But if the average is considered, then S & P 500 is a better company to invest in. Mean and median are two types of averages and are the most common. Mean is the average which is realized when you add up all the numbers and then divide by the count of the numbers, in this case after calculating the mean value for each of the firms, we realized the following data outputs, Abbots Laboratories 34.51503, Unilever realized a mean of 37.05433 while S & P500 realized a mean of 1654.891. The median is the middle value in the list of various numbers, to obtain median the numbers are listed in numerical order, after calculations we realized the following data, Abbotts Laboratory a median of 34.75, Unilever realized a median of 38.11 and S&P 500 realized 1649.6. The range on the other hand is the difference between the largest and the smallest values in a group of data, the range of the firms were as follows, Abbotts Laboratory realized a range of 21.14, the Unilever realized a range of 16.57 and finally S&P 500 realized a range of 810.96. Median =where L is the lower limit of the interval containing the median, N the total number of scores, FW is the frequency or the number of scores within the interval containing the median, and I is the range of the interval. In finance and accounting, variance is a term used to measure the degree of risk in an investment. It is obtained by calculating the average of the squared deviations from the mean rate of return. The standard deviation is the representation of the risk associated with a given security (stocks, bonds) or the risk of a portfolio of securities and it is obtained by taking the square root of the variance. Table below shows the report on the mean, median, range, variance and Standard deviation based on the weekly returns of each of the three assets. Statistically these value returns helps investors understand he financial market

Human Resources Practice Essay Example for Free

Human Resources Practice Essay 1. Introduction The HR Profession Map was developed using the following design principles: †¢ It describes what you need to do, what you need to know and how you need to do it within each professional area at four bands of professional competence. †¢ It covers behaviours as well as the technical elements of professional competence required in the HR profession. †¢ It is organised around areas of professional competence, not organisation structures, job levels or roles. †¢ The scope of the Map will cover the breadth and depth of the HR profession, from small to large organisations, from fundamental to sophisticated practice, local to global, corporate to consulting, charity to public sector, traditional to progressive. †¢ It has the versatility to be used in part, or viewed as a whole, with the core professional areas acting as the key or centre that is relevant to all. 2. Activity 1 Summarise the HRPM The Profession Map captures what successful and effective HR people do and deliver across their specialist profession, and sets out the required activities, behaviours and knowledge. Covering 10 professional areas and eight behaviours, set out in four bands of competence the Map covers every level of the HR profession, from band one at the start of an HR career through to band four for the most senior leaders. The Map has been designed to be relevant and applicable to HR professionals operating anywhere in the world, in all sectors and in organisations of all shapes and sizes. Professional Areas 1. Insights, Strategy and Solutions 2. Leading HR 3. Organisation Design 4. Organisation Development 5. Resource and Talent Planning 6. Learning and Development 7. Performance and Reward 8. Employee Engagement 9. Employee Relations 10. Service, Delivery and Information Behaviours 1. Curious 2. Decisive Thinker 3. Skilled Influencer 4. Personally Credible 5. Collaborative 6. Driven to Deliver 7. Courage to Challenge 8. Role Model (www.cipd.co.uk) 2.1Insights, Strategy and Solutions Human Resources professionals work from a deep business, contextual and organisational understanding to develop actionable insight, and prioritise HR strategies that make the most difference at any given time. You develop insight-led solutions, prioritised and tailored around a good business, contextual and organisation understanding – identifying opportunities and risks and acting on them. Business Vision and strategy of the organisation Products/services and customer profiles Financial and non-financial performance information Contextual Your sector and related regulations/legislation Political, economic, social, technological and environmental issues. Organisation Structure, processes, governance Culture, values, behaviours Key relationships, stakeholders, how decisions get made This understanding – and the resulting insights – allow us to create prioritised and situational HR strategies that make the most difference and build a compelling case for change. Includes these topics: Building a picture Developing actionable insight Delivering situational HR solutions that stick Building capacity and capability -Working with agility Organisation context determines the influence and priority of stakeholder roles and individuals, it also determines how readily new systems/ applications or methods can be adopted, and whether we can get there. If customers / principal stakeholders come from different contexts, this may systematically shape the goals and requirements 2.2 Leading HR Resourcing Band 1 Human Resources Professionals need to have a good knowledge of the principles and procedures for organisations recruitment, selection, training, compensation and benefits of labour relations and personnel information systems. A sound knowledge of business and management principles involved in strategic planning, modelling, leadership technique, production methods, and coordination of people and resources. Motivating, developing, and directing people, as they work, identifying the best people for the job also been able to identify potential for succession planning. . 3. Activity 2 Timely and Effective Service With any organization, we will typically find the customers HR supports are within recruiting, employee relations, training, etc, all pretty much the same, regardless of department, our customers are anyone who uses the HR services we provide we interact with supervisors, managers, employees, external candidates, and external organizations. The way that HR interacts with each of these groups is different depending on what is being delivered, but in the general sense, our customers are all as important as each other. 3.1 Employees Employees want professional HR support from real people and HR need to be responsive and clear about what services we offer. HR need to be easy to contact and able to respond quickly and effectively. Obviously employees require accurate pay and benefits, on time. They also want to be given the opportunity for training and development. 3.2 Managers Managers want an HR function which understands the workforce and can help management balance employee and business needs. They want a proactive HR function which identifies issues before they happen and works with managers to address them. They would like HR to help them with their most challenging people issues including motivation, change and skills development. An HR function which does not understand the business and the workforce completely loses its value. The needs of both employees and managers are sometimes be conflicting. For example, managers require a higher level of production and sometimes longer working hours whereas employees tend to want more time off and more focus on a work/life balance. A good HR department needs to work with both groups to find the best balance. A way of resolving these conflicts is to focus on the overall needs of the organisation, ensuring that the right employees are recruited and retained will help this. The skills and abilities of all employees need to be aligned to their job role and as HR we need to provide development and training to ensure productivity is reached and to manage turnover of employees. Coaching and counselling employees will also help and providing an effective reward and recognition system. 3.3 Recruitment Agencies HR and recruitment agencies are committed to developing and maintaining closer relationships, the outcomes for both parties are more positive, and from a strategic perspective, it’s the formation of these stronger partnerships that bring mutual business benefits and added value. Good reasons why an organisation would use recruitment agencies Gain access to job-seekers (both active and passive)  source candidates from more specific talent pools and match them to an  organisation’s vacancies reduce the time and in-house resources dedicated to recruitment use a range of specialist skills offered by recruitment experts Access specialist services such as screening, filtering and profiling of candidates Gain flexibility in recruitment to meet cyclical/ market demand Get expert opinion about and knowledge of current recruitment legislation Benchmarking purposes – access to salary data and local market knowledge. However in past experience working with some recruitme nt agencies it can become an expensive option as they tend to charge anywhere from 12.5 percentage of the starting salary upwards and a finders fee if the candidate does become permanent. 3.4 Communication Communication Type Advantages Disadvantages Email Easy to send Fairly quick to send Can send 365 days of the year Can send to a group of people at once Email can get stuck in spam and not received Attachments could contain viruses Internet could go down and may not receive mail for sometime Phone call Calls can be made 24 hours a day 7 days a week Get your message across and gain feedback immediately You cannot see each other’s body language Things could get mis-interpreted Costly Fax Can send exact copies of documents Easy to train how to use No immediate response Could misdial number sending documents to wrong person Poor quality of received document 3.5 Effective Service Delivery An effective HR services for all employees is seen as be supportive, not to dilute the responsibility of people management. Also have the ability to coach line managers, especially around managing performance. 3.6 Delivering Service HR should obtain thorough feedback from internal customers, line managers, senior managers and employees. This should cover both what they need from HR, and their user experience of current services. Such feedback could generate a clear and more effective HR function within the organisation. It can provide fresh insights and help the HR function to focus its efforts in these areas could add value to the business. 3.7 Difficult Customers Assuming that the employee provides value to the company and possesses redeeming qualities, there are ways to deal with difficult employees. Most often, managers will simply ignore problematic staffers. Managers who live by this rule hope the problem will just go away; that these people will somehow turn themselves around or stop being troublesome. Ignoring the situation is the wrong solution to what could likely become a progressive problem. It is important to take action as soon as the negative behavior pattern becomes evident when left untouched, this problem will only escalate. (http://www.entrepreneur.com/article/201950#ixzz2h4AjsnQf) 3.8 Resolving Complaints Employee complaints alert us to potential problems within the business Depending on the type of complaint that comes in youre going to want to keep relevant portions of your staff appraised of it while simultaneously safeguarding the privacy of the individuals involved. Its important to be transparent in these situations because employees are probably going to know this on the office gossip vine anyway, says Kelly. They want to see that management is aware of it too and that management does take action and demonstrates a commitment to a higher ethical standard. (http://www.inc.com/guides/2010/04/handle-employee-complaints.html/1)

Primary Health Care - Indigenous Australian Inequalities Essay Example for Free

Primary Health Care Indigenous Australian Inequalities Essay Page 1 The World Health Organisation (World Health Organisation, 2008) states that the indigenous peoples of Australia are one of the most disadvantaged indigenous groups in the developed world. The health of the Indigenous population of Australia is an increasingly pressing issue. Current research and statistics reveals great inequality in many areas of health care and health status between the Aboriginal people and the general population of Australia. Couzos and Murray (2008, p.29) report that the Indigenous population has â€Å"the worst health status of any identifiable group in Australia, and the poorest access to health systems. † This paper will examine the underlying historical contexts and contributing factors that have lead to the current disparity between the health of the Indigenous Australians and non-Indigenous Australians. Furthermore, the high prevalence of chronic health issues such as diabetes will be analysed and community health initiatives that are needed or currently being enacted will be identified. Many reasons for the current appalling state of health and wellbeing of the Australian Aboriginal people can be explained by examining their recent history to the devastating impacts of colonisation, genocidal policy, loss of land and years of oppression. These several hundred years of cultural destruction, dispossession and social and political upheaval have resulted in generations of trauma and grief (Burke, 2006, para. 4). As reported by Forsyth (2007, p.35-36), government policies enacted towards the indigenous population in the early 20th Century were concerned primarily with protection and segregation, as the prevailing attitude of the time was that the Indigenous people were largely inferior and were unable to care for themselves. Forsyth continues to explain of the injustice created by the New South Wales parliament with the Aborigines Protection Act of 1909, in which â€Å"every aspect of their lives was governed, regulated and controlled† (Forsyth, 2007, p. 36). Furthermore the Indigenous people of this era were not able to imbibe alcohol, own property, vote or cohabit with non-Indigenous people, and the state of their health was largely ignored due to the belief that they were a dying race. (Couzos et. Page 2 al. 2008, p. 3). Due to this essentially complete lack of health care, Forsyth describes the Aboriginal people of the era living on the outskirts of larger towns as suffering from high rates of blindness, infectious diseases, bone diseases and sexually transmitted infections (Forsyth, 2007, p.36). The severity of these health issues was made worse by fear and distrust of the Aboriginal people towards hospitals and white people (Forsyth, 2007, p. 37). As the 20th Century progressed it became obvious that the Aboriginal population was not a soon to be extinct race as earlier thought, and new political policy calling for assimilation and integration reflected this change, though protectionist and segregationist policies remained influential or continued until the 1970s (Couzos et.al. 2008, p. 4). In the 1960s attitudes of Australian society began to became more concerned for the wellbeing Indigenous people, with increased social conciousness and awareness spreading throughout the Western World. As a result of increasing political activity and demonstration, many Aboriginals were forced off stations in 1966, causing a large movement of Indigenous people to more urban areas such as Redfern (Couzos et. al. 2008, p. 7). This sudden increase in numbers highlighted the need for proper health care and services, with the first Aboriginal health service established in 1971. Throughout the 1970s an increase in research and reporting of Aboriginal health resulted in many state and commonwealth reports all with the same conclusion, that the health status of Aboriginal communities was appalling and that there was great â€Å"need for increased priority, increased resourcing, better coordination, and increased Aboriginal community participation and control† (Couzos et. al. 2008, p. 10). However very little action was taken until the 1990s2000s where relevant political policy was brought in and funding made available for Aboriginal health services, though they mostly remain inadequately funded and Aboriginal health care is still largely unrepresented and avoided by the Australian Government. The ongoing effects of racist and unjust political policy and action can in part explain current aspects of dysfunction and overall disadvantage that occurs in many Indigenous Page 3 communities today. Specifically this disadvantage is evident in many areas of community life, with Indigenous people being generally exposed to more risk factors for poor health than other Australians (Thomson, MacRae, Burns, Catto, Debuyst, Krom, Midford, Potter, Ride, Stumpers and Urquhart, 2010, para. 49). Examples of risk factors include social factors such as dispossession, dislocation and discrimination, educational factors such as poor schooling, resulting in much lower literacy and numeracy skills, economic factors such as lower income and higher unemployment, access to good quality health care and GPs, and physical environmental factors such as poor and overcrowded housing. Together these disadvantages provide for a higher likelihood of poor lifestyle choices such as alcohol, tobacco and illicit drug use, a poor and unbalanced diet, obesity and a lack of regular exercise (Thomson et. al. 2010, para. 49, Couzos et. al. 2008, p. 79). Poor access to good quality health care is one of the key predictors for the prevalence of poor health in a community. There are very few GPs available in remote locations, and as a result of no or little access to professional health care providers, these remote areas are susceptible to poor health awareness and knowledge. As reported by Thomson et. al. (2010, para. 3), almost one-quarter of Indigenous people are classified as living in a remote area with very little access to goods and services or opportunities for social interaction. Couzos et. al. (2008, p. 18) also consider poor access to GPs as shown by a 2000-2001 survey of GPs. As reported, only 0. 8% of GP visits were by Indigenous people, though they make up 2. 6% of the general population. Furthermore, more than 70% of GPs did not see a single Indigenous person during the survey period. This under representation of the Indigenous population visiting GPs indicates a clear need for increased access to professional health care, and is just one factor of many which demonstrates the need for improvement in the health and wellbeing of the Australian Indigenous people. Page 4 Diabetes is a chronic metabolic condition which can result in many major long term health complications such as stroke, kidney disease, blindness and greatly reduced life expectancy (Allman, 2008, p. 80, Zeng, 2006, p. 73). Diabetes can be classified into three main types, with the second type, non-insulin-dependant diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) the main form developed as a result of lifestyle factors. As reported by Thomson et. al. (2010, para. 2), NIDDM is currently â€Å"one of the most important health problems for Indigenous populations across Australia†, with only around half of those with the condition know they have it, and the proportion of affected Indigenous population estimated to be around 4 four times that of the general population. Couzos et. al. (2008, p. 525) expand that Aboriginal people are also significantly more likely to develop NIDDM at a much younger age, more likely to be hospitalised, and to die from associated complications. This over representation of diabetes in the Indigenous population is a result of their poor health status and education. Thomson et. al. (2010) report that many studies have linked high levels of obesity among Indigenous populations and high prevalence of NIDDM. The main factors linked to this high levels of obesity are the relatively recent availability of highly processed and sugary Western foods and drinks including alcohol and tobacco use, impaired glucose tolerence, hypertriglyceridaemia, hypertension, hyperinsulinaemia and a higher level of physical inactivity than non-Indigenous people (Thomson et. al. 2010). Diabetes prevalence is also linked to a lower socioeconomic status, and as previously examined, a high proportion of the Indigenous population suffer from many areas of disadvantage, which results in a lower socioeconomic status. As further explained by Thomson et. al. (2010) these effects are further aggravated by poor health promotion and knowledge, mental illness and stress, early emotional development and social status, and recent trends indicate increasing development and prevalence of NIDDM. Clearly the Aboriginal population is exposed to many risk factors for diabetes and other chronic conditions, and with increasing development trends, explains poor mortality rates and overall poor health status of their communities. Page 5. Community based programs are essential for the improvement of Indigenous health due to the close-knit nature of their culture and often remote location. This was begun in 2003 at national level with the development of The National Strategic Framework for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health, which targeted strengthening of health service infrastructure, accessibility to health services, and health promotion, most importantly the importance of balanced nutrition and regular exercise (Couzos et. al. 2008, p.522, Insel, Ross, McMahon and Bernstein, 2010, p. 653). Cribbes and Glaister (2007, p. 167) describe the importance of health promotion and awareness at the community level, with a focus on re-establishing more traditional food choices and encouraging traditional hunting skills. The traditional Indigenous diet is highly nutritious, being high in protein, low in fat and high in complex carbohydrates, and as considered by Cribbes et. al. (2007, p. 167) is an excellent way to protect against chronic conditions such as diabetes. However the majority of remote Indigenous peoples obtain their food from local stores, thus initiatives such as the Remote Indigenous Stores and Takeaway Project were undertaken to establish minimum healthy eating standards and to educate store managers in nutrition. By empowering local store managers in this way, they are able to further educate the local schools and wider community in healthy eating (Cribbes. et. al. 2007, p. 167). As reported by the Dragon and Anderson (2011, p.28), Close The Gap (CTP) is another national level campaign which has a carry on effect to the community level. CTP aims to resolve the disparity in life expectancy rates and health equality between Aboriginal Australians and the general population, and has been endorsed by federal and state governments. CTP focuses on management of chronic conditions such as diabetes and follow up care. Management and awareness of diabetes is an essential component of improving health standards, and as King (2001, p.147-155) explains, Aboriginal people with diabetes commonly avoid mainstream health services for their health care. This mismanagement can lead to the development of diabetes related complications and greatly reduced quality Page 6 of life and life expectancy. On going strategies and studies identified the need for Aboriginal health workers to deliver community level care and health services for successful diabetes management (King, 2001). In conclusion, Aboriginal health standards have been of an appalling standard for many years due to racist policies, attitudes and in-humane treatment. The damage done and denigration of their lives, families and cultures has only recently began to be repaired by collective efforts nation wide, with a unified goal of self and community-empowerment, improvement of quality of life and living standards. With the expansion and ongoing deliverance of community focused solutions, many risks for ill-health and chronic conditions can be greatly reduced and the health status disparity between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians can in the future be eliminated. Page 7 References: †¢ Allman, T. (2008) Genes disease : diabetes. New York; Infobase Publishing. †¢ Dragon, N. and Anderson, K. (2011). Indigenous health. Australian Nursing Journal, 19(2), 24-8. †¢ Burke, S. (2006). Changing practices, changing paradigms: working effectively with Indigenous clients. Australian Psychological Society. Retrieved October, 5, 2011 from http://www. psychology. org. au/publications/inpsych/changing/ †¢ Couzos, S. Murray, R. (2008). Aboriginal primary health care: An evidence-based approach. South Melbourne; Oxford University Press. †¢ Cribbes. M. and Glaister. K. (2007). Its not easy: caring for Aboriginal clients with diabetes in remote Australia. Contemporary Nurse, 25; 163-172. †¢ Forsyth (2007). Telling stories: nurses, politics and aboriginal australians, circa 19001980s. Contemporary Nurse, 24(1), 33-44. Insel, P. , Ross, D. , McMahon, K. and Bernstein, M. (2010). Nutrition. Massachusetts; Jones and Bartless Publishers. †¢ King, M. (2001). The diabetes health care of Aboriginal people in South Australia. Contemporary Nurse, 10(3,4), 147-155. Page 8 †¢ Thomson N, MacRae A, Burns J, Catto M, Debuyst O, Krom I, Midford. R, Potter C, Ride K, Stumpers S, Urquhart B (2010). Summary of Australian Indigenous health, 2010. Retrieved October. 6, 2011 from http://www. healthinfonet. ecu. edu. au/health-facts/summary †¢ World Health Organization. (2008). Closing the Gap in a generation. Health equity through action on the social determinants of health. Commission on Social Determinants of Health Final Report. Retrieved October, 6, 2011 from http://www. who. int/social_determinants/thecommission/finalreport/en /index. html †¢ Zeng, Y. (2006). Longer life and healthy aging. Philadelphia; Springer.

The effects of inequality on young people

The effects of inequality on young people In what ways is inequality detrimental to the life chances of children and young people? How can practitioners address inequalities in their work with children and young people? Being discriminated against and suffering inequality (lack of equal treatment) can be detrimental to children and young people’s life chances, such as their education, qualification attainment and future employment. People can be discriminated against because of their age, religion, ethnicity, background, lifestyle and sexuality which can have a huge impact on their life depending on how these issues are addressed and how they are supported by their family, friends and practitioners. In this essay I am going to discuss how inequality can be detrimental to the life chances of children and young people, and how practitioners can help address these inequalities in their work. I will explore diversity, discrimination and the barriers which stop society being more inclusive. I will also explore the important role of practitioners and the support they are able to offer to those subject to discrimination. As a practitioner working in Scotland you must abide by the Scottish Social Services Council’s (SSSCs) Codes of Practice. â€Å"TheCodes of Practice for Social Service Workers describe the standards of professional conduct and practice required of social service workers as they go about their daily work.† (The Open University, 2013a). There are also four key capabilities in child care and protection that practitioners must follow: values and ethical practice, knowledge and understanding, effective communication and professional competence and confidence. By following these four key capabilities and abiding to the SSSC’s Codes of Practice, this allows practitioners to make the right decisions and work and communicate appropriately with children and young people. By doing this they are addressing inequalities by using their professional values, and not allowing their personal views and beliefs to overshadow what is right. Diversity is a distinctive feature of contemporary life in Scotland. â€Å"The term ‘diversity’ explains the ways in which people as individuals and as members of groups differ from each other; and that there is a variety of differences. It is evident that today a range of differences exist in the UK† (The Open University, 2013b). These differences range from people’s social class, family dynamics and values and beliefs. These differences can cause discrimination however diversity should be celebrated rather than being seen as negative. Children, young people and families whose lives are affected by discrimination and inequality need to be supported. Practitioners must have a social ecological perspective which is â€Å"a way of working with individual children, young people and families that keeps them at the centre but applies knowledge and understanding of the bigger picture when trying to understand their lives.† (The Open University, 2013c). Hav ing this perspective helps practitioners address inequalities in their work with children and young people and offer the appropriate supports. There are barriers stopping society from being more inclusive, such as the attitudes of people towards others who are seen as ‘not normal’, however â€Å"Social attitudes and legislation have successfully tackled discrimination and have, arguably, created a more inclusive society in the UK.† (The Open University, 2013d). Although there are barriers which stop society being more inclusive it has been argued that over the past 50 years in the UK diversity has developed, alongside increasing liberal ideas about how individuals and families arrange their lives, therefore factors such as age, social class, gender, disability, and religion should not be barriers to people’s life chances. Although diversity has developed it is still affecting people’s lives. As seen on the module website (The Open University, 2013e), a young person discusses her own personal experience of suffering racism and how this affected her life, which could possibly be detrimental t o her life chances. Although the perpetrator was charged by the Police, the young person’s self-esteem has suffered and she is in constant fear of being at risk of harm while out in the community. The young person also speaks about not receiving appropriate support from her family nor a practitioner, however if the young person had received the appropriate supports after the incident this could have had a positive impact on her and helped alleviate the young person’s fears. This highlights how important the role of a practitioner is in order to address inequalities in their work with children and young people. â€Å"Sociological theories suggest that socialisation is the process by which we learn from the society into which we are born† (The Open University, 2013f). Initially for most people socialisation takes place within the family as children and young people will adopt the views and beliefs of their parents. There are other social structures which provide socialisation and may interfere or change a person’s opinions such as school, the media and peer groups. Thomson’s PCS Model analyses socialisation and the inequalities that are raised within it. Thomson’s model suggests that people have their own Personal views or beliefs which are interlinked with theCulturalvalues that exist in a person’s community or belief system. This is also interlinked on a Structural level which includes society as a whole such as tabloids, institutions and governments. Children and young people who are looked after and accommodated can suffer inequality as their education may be influenced by their socio-economic background. Although the Guidance to the Children (Scotland) Act 1995 states that â€Å"Children who are looked after should have the same educational opportunities as all other children for education, including further and higher education, and access to other opportunities for development.† (The Open University, 2013g), this is not the reality of it. Children and young people who are accommodated tend to be under a great deal of stress due to their circumstances. They might be missing their family, they may have to move school, they may not live as close to their friends and they may have uncertainties about their future. Using Thomson’s PCS model, society has their own personal views and cultural values of children and young people who are in care such as assuming they are badly behaved or that they deserve to be in care. As well as the children/young people trying to deal with the views/beliefs of these people and the community as a whole, they can also be judged on a structural level and are trying to cope with how the media view them. This negative perception of children and young people in care is a form of discrimination and could be detrimental to their life chances due to the effect it can have on their mood, social life and learning ability. â€Å"‘Biological citizenship’ refers to the attempts by parents of children with disabilities to engage in activism and community participation to increase the citizenship rights of their children through links with groups such as Scope, Mencap and ENABLE Scotland.† (The Open University, 2013h). As discussed in Goodley and Runswick-Cole, 2010, p. 73-75, Gayle and Shelley are both mothers of children who are affected by a disability and although they have had very different experiences, they both resorted to using groups as a form of support. Gayle’s son Simon is eleven years old and has been diagnosed with asbergers, and Shelley’s daughter Chloe who is sixteen years old has been diagnosed with a rare genetic syndrome. Gayle found that Simon’s label allowed her to access support whereas Shelley found Chloe’s label as ‘useless’ because there were no supports that could be offered to her. Eventually both parents turned to â⠂¬Ëœreal’ parent support groups where biological citizenship is acted out. They found these groups positive overall and were able to relate to other parents who had similar experiences, however Shelley felt that â€Å"tensions could arise within the parents group, particularly when it came to making choices about mainstream or special provision† (Goodley and Runswick-Cole, 2010, p. 78). When discrimination affects a child or young person’s life chances it ultimately affects their parents/family, as it did Gayle and Shelley who felt the need to join a group to gain support and understanding. If Gayle and Shelley had received the appropriate support from a practitioner they may have felt that a group was unnecessary. In conclusion, inequality can be detrimental to the life chances of children and young people, affecting their social lives and their education. They could be discriminated against because of their age, religion, sexuality, gender or background and this could have an impact on their life as a whole. When children and young people are discriminated against this can also have an effect on their families, for example Gayle and Shelley who required the support of parent support groups. Practitioners can help address these inequalities through their work by abiding by the SSSC’s Codes of Practice and following the four key capabilities. By doing this it helps them to make the right decisions and work and communicate appropriately with children and young people to support them through discrimination. References The Open University (2013a) ‘Section 1.4: The module areas of study’ K229 Learning Guide 1 [Online]. Available at www.learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=350865section=5 (Accessed 12 November 2013). The Open University (2013b) ‘Section 2.1: Families, diversity and social change’ K229 Learning Guide 2 [Online]. Available at https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=350871section=2 (Accessed 12 November 2013). The Open University (2013c) ‘Glossary’ K229 Resources and Forums [Online]. Available at https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/glossary/showentry.php?concept=courseid=202246eid=116725displayformat=dictionary (Accessed 12 November 2013). The Open University (2013d) ‘Section 2.2: Barriers to a more inclusive society’ K229 Learning Guide 2 [Online]. Available at https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=350871section=3 (Accessed 12 November 2013). The Open University (2013e) ‘Section 2.3: The impact of discrimination and inequality’ K229 Learning Guide 2 [Online]. Available at https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=350871section=4 (Accessed 12 November 2013). The Open University (2013f) ‘Glossary’ K229 Resources and Forums [Online]. Available at https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/glossary/showentry.php?courseid=202246eid=116715displayformat=dictionary (Accessed 12 November 2013). The Open University (2013g) ‘Section 2.5: Addressing discrimination and inequality’ K229 Learning Guide 2 [Online]. Available at https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=350871section=6 (Accessed 12 November 2013). The Open University (2013h) ‘Section 2.5: Addressing discrimination and inequality’ K229 Learning Guide 2 [Online]. Available at https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=350871section=6 (Accessed 12 November 2013). Goodley, D. and Runswick-Cole, K., (2010) Working with Children and Young People: Co-constructing Practice, ‘Disabled children, their parents and their experiences with practitioners’. Page 1 of 4

American Invasion of Iraq Essay -- Morality, Reasons, Exaggeration

The American invasion of Iraq was morally and humanely wrong. During the invasion of Iraq in 2003, American government went far beyond humanity when they gave spurious and idealistic reasons for invading Iraq. Over 1 million Iraqi citizens were killed and the country lived under terror for over 5 years due to the American actions. In 1991 George Bush Sr., attempted to invade Iraq, however, this mission ended before any major action was taken. George Bush Sr.’s advisers, one of them being Dick Cheny choose not to invade Iraq because of the fear that such an invasion could turn into a â€Å"quagmire†. In spite of that, when George W. Bush, the son of George Bush Sr., began his journey to possibly complete what his father wanted to accomplish 10 years ago, the invasion of Iraq. Bush benevolently argued that â€Å"democracy in the Middle East must occur,† and the best way he choose was by attacking Iraq. According to globalpolicy.org, â€Å"Before the war, Bush was repeatedly told there was no definitive evidence that Iraq possessed weapons of mass destruction. He knew Iraq was not a nuclear threat. He knew there was no Iraq connection to 9/11. Iraq posed no imminent danger to the United States. There was no case for a pre-emptive war.† â€Å"George W. Bush knew there was no solid prove that Iraq was planting weapons of mass destruction. There were no nuclear weapons in Iraq, not enough technology was developed in Iraq to target long range enemies; America was definitely not being aimed at. Nothing was being planned from the Iraqi side.† (globalpolicy.org) About the WMD excuse, George W. Bush lied that the Iraqi were a threat to its neighboring countries [Kuwait and Iran] and to the world peace due to the believe that weapon of mass destruct... ...ading Iraq have been told to the outside world yet. If powerful countries with solid military force like the United States is able to take-over a country for personal benefits then where will the world end up one day? George W. Bush was definitely in hype or hysteria when he made the decision for invading Iraq, this hype led United States into the war. History should always be used for granted; history is just like a lesson that is thought at any school, if you pay attention to it and learn from it, astray will not be your path. Works Cited http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/168/37699.html http://www.telegraph.co.uk /news/worldnews/1560915/Dick-Cheney-Iraq-quagmire-video-hits-the-web.html http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/01/09/60minutes/main592330.shtml http://www.teresi.us/html/writing/iraq_war.html http://msnbc.msn.com/id/3340723/

New Learning Opportunities for Adult Learners Essay -- Internet Educat

New Learning Opportunities for Adult Learners The concept of adults as learners emerged both in this country and in Europe shortly after World War I; however, only in the last few decades has the theory of adult learning matured. Knowles, Tough, Houle, and Park, among others, have written extensively on the idea of the adult learner. In Tennant's book (1997), he discussed Knowles' adult learning theory. Knowles used the term andragogy to label adult learning theory. The andragogical model of the adult learner is based on the assumptions that adults need to know; adults have a need to be self-directed learners and have a self-concept of being responsible for their own decisions and for their own lives; adults bring reservoirs of their own experiences that posed as a significant resources in the process of learning; adults come ready and motivated to learn what they need to know in order to cope; and while adults are aware of external motivators (better jobs, promotions), it is internal pressures (job satisfaction, self-esteem ) that are the most powerful motivators (Tennant, 1997). While adult learners are constantly seeking specific information and knowledge that is relevant to their immediate problems, and are aware that they would benefit from further education, many are not interested in a standard long-term course of study. They do not have the time or energy to become involved in a traditional education system, and their concerns are context-dependent, focused on specific information relevant to their immediate concerns (Tennant, 1997). Given this information, it is natural that educators look to this relatively new phenomenon technology, namely, the Internet for Web-based learning opportunities. The W... ... learners with a wide variety of learning styles. References: Henke, H. (1997). Evaluating web-based instruction design [online]. Retrieved January 24, 1999 from the World Wide Web: http://scis.nova.edu/~henkeh/story1.htm Lohr, L. (1998). Using ADDIE to design a web-based training interface [online]. Retrieved April 1, 1999 from the World Wide Web: http://www.coe.uh.edu/insite/elec_pub/HTML1998/id_lohr.htm McManus, T.F. (1995). Special considerations for designing internet-based education. Technology and Teacher Education Annual, 1995, 32, 51-57. Tennant, M. (1997). Psychology and adult learning (2nd ed.) (pp. 9). New York: Routledge. Twigg, C.A. (1994). The need for a national learning infrastructure [online]. Retrieved January 24, 1999 from the World Wide Web: http://192.52.179.128/program/nlii/keydocs/monograph.html

The Presence of Christianity in American Law :: Friedrich Nietzsche Genealogy of Morals Essays

The Presence of Christianity in American Law In his Genealogy of Morals, Friedrich Nietzsche presented his theory on the ascetic priest and how Christianity used the concept of original sin to give man meaning for his suffering. Christianity also gave people a way of channeling their resentment and breaking down socioeconomic barriers under the protection of God. With Christianity came altruism and compelled charity, but moreover, the formation of the congregation where the masses participated in an overwhelming act of self-deception (according to Nietzsche). In the American democracy, socioeconomic barriers are surpassed under the court of law, but this court is supposedly unattached from religion. Nonetheless, the influence of Christianity on American law and morality is such that one can call the U.S. democracy a secularized church (i.e. has the same behavior and structure as a church but without the imposed religiousness). An analysis of the comparison between the Christianity Nietzsche so adamantly criticized a nd the modern American society reveals that a secularized church as such can thrive and prosper despite its â€Å"weaknesses† due to the Christian origin. In Human, All-Too-Human, Nietzsche wrote, â€Å"Christianity came into existence in order to lighten the heart; but now it has first to burden the heart so as afterwards to be able to lighten it†. He criticized Christianity because it promoted suffering and belittled the value of earthly life. Not only were Christians expected to accept suffering as the means to salvation (â€Å"Therefore, since Christ suffered in his body, arm yourselves also with the same attitude, because he who has suffered in his body is done with sin† (1 Peter 4:1)), but the Christian God accepted pain and allowed it to occur. Nietzsche saw this approach to â€Å"life† as a means of self-deception, since one is upholding a divine being who is responsible for this pain (and who may well not even exist) and one is disguising pain as happiness: â€Å"Rejoice that you participate in the suffering of Christ† (1 Peter 4:13). To him, Christianity was a â€Å"dangerous narcoticà ¢â‚¬  (Genealogy of Morals, 3rd Essay, Section 17). With the formation of the Christian congregation, a community formed (which was, according to Nietzsche, implemented by the ascetic priest) that taught social equality.

Role of Cognition and Thought in Learning

Learning is an essential part of man’s life. Learning is attained through continuous education and acquisition of knowledge pertinent to a man’s daily concerns and activities. Thus, learning is a process of acquiring knowledge and information over time. There are various ways and means of attaining information and knowledge. Some people choose to attend formal education in order to obtain a systematic form of learning. However, learning can also be attained through experiences and observation. Learning is comprised of various mechanisms that helps perform total learning process. Cognition is one of the relevant mechanisms that are needed in acquiring pertinent knowledge and information. Cognition is a concept that is utilized in various fields. In the field of psychology, cognition refers to the processing of information viewed by the psychologists in human’s psychological functions. It can also be interpreted as gaining perceptions and opinions. The term cognition refers to the various mental processes used to acquire learning. This includes â€Å"gaining knowledge and comprehension, including thinking, knowing, remembering, judging, and problem solving. These are higher-level functions of the brain and encompass language, imagination, perception, and planning† (Wagner, 2008). It also involves various processes of human beings such as learning, attention, memory, thought, perception, problem-solving, reading and concept formation. It is a concept that is very broad and involves abstract processes such as thinking (Ireland On-Line, n. d. ). Cognition also involves adjusting to the internal processes of the external world. The adjustment period is accomplished through process of experience and discovery and the assimilation of interaction and the resulting adaptation. The very task of cognition is learning (Alpiner & McCarthy, 2000). Thought, on the other hand, is one of the underlying mechanisms of cognition. It is one of the mental processes that are parts of human cognition. It is a product of mental activity which can be in the form of idea, concept and percept. Cognition and thought play significant roles in the whole learning process. Cognition is regarded with high value of importance especially during childhood, as majority of the knowledge and information acquired by an individual happens through the early stages of development. It is a part of child’s learning as they move along the various stages of development. Cognition evolves through the entire life span of a person, but the development is rapid during childhood years (Alpiner & McCarthy, 2000). It has been observed that language development in children fails unless they are exposed to language. Language is an emergent behavior which can be acquired if the person is exposed on the certain aspect of learning. Such input is important in cognition, as cognition is the aspect of mental activity which processes the acquisition of knowledge. Moreover, cognition is an important aspect of the child’s learning. The various underlying mechanisms comprise of the different mental activities of human, which serve as the basic components needed for the successful children’s acquisition of knowledge. Two of these important mechanisms include memory and meaning (Alpiner & McCarthy, 2000). Thought, as a product of the various mental processes of the human cognition, also plays an important role in learning. Thoughts are the developed ideas, concepts and percepts that resulted from human cognition. Thoughts, therefore, are the views and perceptions of a person about certain things. It adds up on the body of knowledge of a person. Thought and cognition are two of the most important aspects of learning which serve as essential parts of man’s development and growth. Man’s education and learning mainly relies on these vital processes and products.

Organizational Behavior Unit 2 Discussion Essay

Attitudes and Behavior interrelates with each(prenominal) other. Important attitudes such as egocentrism (Robbins, S. P., & Judge, T. A.2007) or that identifies with a group that is determine shows a strong relationship to sort. hypothecate involvement, job satisfaction and governing bodyal payload argon moderating factors that can cleanse the statistical relationship between employee behavior and attitudes.An employees job involvement relates to how strongly they can identify with the ca-ca they commission about in which they consider their perceived work performance level serious to self-worth (Robbins, S. P., & Judge, T. A.2007). This basically means that employees who atomic number 18 profoundly involved in their job argon mostly satisfied and maintains a uplifted performance in productivity than the employees who are dissatisfied. When an employee is satisfied with their job they are more(prenominal) confident and perform more positively with their productivity a nd maintains efficiency.Organizational loyalty is a job attitude in which an employee identifies with an organization and its goals. Affective commitment (emotional attachment). Continuance commitment (someone remaining with the organization because of the salary and benefits) normative commitment (when an employee hesitates to leave the organization because they mountt want to leave the employer in a lurch) (Robbins, S. P., & Judge, T. A.2007).Employee attitudes and behavior are important to an organization due to the negatively charged impact that will cause a downfall in revenue and incompetent work flows in the organization. When an employee shows negative attitudes and behaviors towards their work ethics can at clock negate the other employees behavior and attitudes, oddly in a union environment.